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The Manifestations: one light, distinct missions

differences between the Manifestations; station of distinction

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Editorial introduction

The sun does not rise from the same point each morning, yet no one mistakes it for a different sun. Bahá’u’lláh and ‘Abdu’l-Bahá use that observation to hold unity and difference together: the Manifestations are mirrors, each with a distinct individuality, a prescribed mission and a particular Revelation, while the light reflected in them is one. Their laws differ because the ages they addressed differed; some founded a dispensation while others promulgated its laws; they vary, Bahá’u’lláh says, in the intensity of their revelation and the potency of their light, even as the Qur’an states that some messengers were caused to excel others [1]. In their second station they show utter servitude and self-effacement, which keeps the comparison from becoming a contest among religious communities. Reported conversations add analogies of lamps, moons and stars and reflections on historical circumstance, each to be read in its setting. The path leads on into progressive revelation, the twofold station of the Manifestation, and the question of their oneness or innumerability.

Selected passages

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01

The Manifestations of God are as the heavenly bodies. All have their appointed place and time of ascension, but the Light they give is the same. If one wishes to look for the sun rising, one does not look always at the same point because that point changes with the seasons. When one sees the sun rise further in the north one recognizes it, though it has risen at a different point.

(‘Abdu’l-Bahá, Words spoken in Sep. 1911 in London -- ABU2108)
02

The Manifestations of God are like so many different mirrors, as They each have Their own distinct individuality, but that which is reflected in these mirrors is one and the same sun. Thus, it is evident that the reality of Christ is different from that of Moses.

(‘Abdu’l-Bahá, Chapter 39, The Human and the Divine Station of the Manifestations, 1904-Jul ca. -- AB00477)
03

Nay, all the Prophets of God, His well-favored, His holy, and chosen Messengers, are, without exception, the bearers of His names, and the embodiments of His attributes. They only differ in the intensity of their revelation, and the comparative potency of their light. Even as He hath revealed: "Some of the Apostles We have caused to excel the others."

… The other is the station of distinction, and pertaineth to the world of creation and to the limitations thereof. In this respect, each Manifestation of God hath a distinct individuality, a definitely prescribed mission, a predestined Revelation, and specially designated limitations. Each one of them is known by a different name, is characterized by a special attribute, fulfills a definite Mission, and is entrusted with a particular Revelation.

… Viewed in the light of their second station -- the station of distinction, differentiation, temporal limitations, characteristics and standards -- they manifest absolute servitude, utter destitution and complete self-effacement.

(Bahá’u’lláh, Kitab-i-Iqan (The Book of Certitude), 1278 ca. [1861-1862], to Haji Mirza Siyyid Muhammad, great uncle of the Bab (Khal-i-Akbar) -- BH00002)
04

These principles and laws, these firmly-established and mighty systems, have proceeded from one Source, and are rays of one Light. That they differ one from another is to be attributed to the varying requirements of the ages in which they were promulgated.

… In truth I say, and for the sake of God I declare: This Servant, this Wronged One, is abashed to claim for Himself any existence whatever, how much more those exalted grades of being!

(Bahá’u’lláh, Lawh-i-Ibn-i-Dhi'b (Epistle to the Son of the Wolf), 1308 ? [1891], to Muhammad Taqi Isfahani (son of the Wolf) -- BH00005)
05

The Chief of the Israelites had His way, the Star of the Christians had His radiance, the Pride of the Arabs had His commandments, and the Sun of the supreme heaven had His religion and effulgence. The words, deeds, religion, way and commandments of each one were different.

(‘Abdu’l-Bahá, 1900-Jan-14, to Mubid Bahman Farsi -- AB00068)
06

It should first be noted that in one sense the stations of the Prophets of God differ one from another. For instance, consider Moses. He brought forth a Book and established ordinances, whilst a number of the Prophets and Messengers who arose after Him were charged with the promulgation of His laws, insofar as they remained consonant with the needs of the age.

(Bahá’u’lláh, 1299-08-14 [1882-Jul-1], to Mashhadi Baqir et al -- BH00048)
07

The measure of the Revelation with which every one of them hath been identified had been definitely foreordained.

(Bahá’u’lláh, Suriy-i-'Ibad, to Siyyid Mihdi Dahaji et al -- BH00248)
08

The measure of the revelation of the Prophets of God in this world, however, must differ. Each and every one of them hath been the Bearer of a distinct Message, and hath been commissioned to reveal Himself through specific acts. It is for this reason that they appear to vary in their greatness.

(Bahá’u’lláh, 1296 ca.? -- BH00779)
09

The other station is that of distinction, which pertaineth to the ranks and conditions of the Holy Manifestations. In this station it is said: "We have caused some of these Messengers to excel others." The similitude of this station is like unto the zodiacal signs, wherein the sun hath in each a special influence and different degrees of heat - as in Leo where the sun's heat is most intense, and in Aquarius and Pisces where it is moderate.

(‘Abdu’l-Bahá, 1900 ca., to Bahman Rustan (Tihran) -- AB00940)
10

The sun hath ever had diverse manifestations and influences. The sun that riseth from the sign of Aquarius is, upon its appearance, effaced before the sun that ariseth from the sign of Leo. Every person of insight observeth countless differences.

(Bahá’u’lláh, 1304-02 [1886-Oct], to Bibi Rawhani et al -- BH00372)
11

It has an appearance, emergence, radiance, flame, ray, power, light, influence, arrangement and destiny at each divine dayspring and horizon of the All-Merciful. But in this Manifestation the constellation is divine and all-merciful, and the star is the Most Great Luminary, brilliant, radiant, apparent, evident and glorious.

(‘Abdu’l-Bahá, 1900 or < -- AB03854)
12

One branch bears fruit and others are not laden so abundantly. All the Prophets are lights, they only differ in degree; they shine like brilliant heavenly bodies, each have their appointed place and time of ascension. Some are like lamps, some like the moon, some like distant stars, and a few are like the sun, shining from one end of the earth to the other. All have the same Light to give, yet they are different in degree.

(‘Abdu’l-Bahá, Words spoken in Sep. 1911 in London -- ABU2524)
13

The question is that to the Jews Moses is the last, to the Christians it is Christ, to the Muslims it is Muhammad and to the Parsis it is Zoroaster. But their differences are only those of names. If these names are set aside, it is evident that their aim is one.

(‘Abdu’l-Bahá, Words spoken at Windsor Hotel in Montreal, 1912-Sep-07 -- ABU1619)
14

Each Manifestation was alike great in himself, each spoke with the same authority, each alike breathed the spirit of God. The same fundamental truth underlies the doctrines of each. The differences between them were not in themselves, but in the evolutionary stages of the peoples whom they taught. When Christ appeared, the people among whom he came were in a low state of intelligence there was little or no discussion of abstruse questions among them. Buddha, though earlier, came to a part of the world where civilisation was much more advanced, which was ripe in philosophical and metaphysical speculations. Mahomet found wild tribes and hordes of uncivilised barbarians.

On the one hand, each of these great teachers had to meet a problem peculiar to himself-that of guiding and satisfying his contemporaries and associates; and, on the other, the condition of the world's advancement in general-the state of communication between different parts of the world-was such that the teachings of each were confined to the people of that region to which they came and for whom they were especially adapted.

(‘Abdu’l-Bahá, Words to Myron Phelps and Madame Canavarro in Dec. 1902 -- ABU1396)
15

Adam is the symbol of the childhood of the race of man. Childhood has not a great capacity, therefore when he put out his hand to take the apple, he had not the capacity to receive such great knowledge as the apple symbolizes. Moses taught only the material things and Christ of the Spiritual. So if Adam attempted the knowledge of Jesus Christ, he was bound to fail.

(‘Abdu’l-Bahá, Words spoken ca. 1900 -- ABU3083)
16

The Manifestations are greater or less in degree according to the Message they are able to reveal. Muhammad was preceded by a Forerunner or Announcer. Before the Manifestation of this Day, as it is the full Reality of Revelation, there were two Heralds, Ahmad and Kazim.

It will be a long time before the rise of another Manifestation.

(‘Abdu’l-Bahá, Words to Julia Grundy spoken around Jan. 1905 -- ABU0107)
17

Mr. Meakin asked, "Are not all the Prophets Manifestations reflecting the Word?"

'Abdu'l-Baha: "Yes, but the Word as reflected in Jesus has a special meaning. The sun shines in all the months, but in July it is brightest. Speak to Me, Mr. Gregory."

I stated that I was glad to hear this explanation, as the Christians would be glad to know that He had thus spoken of Jesus the Christ.

(‘Abdu’l-Bahá, Words to Louis Gregory, spoken on 1911-Apr-15 -- ABU2479)
18

Know that the attributes of perfection, the outpourings of divine grace, and the effulgences of divine revelation shine resplendent in all the Manifestations of God, but that the all-encompassing Word of God--Christ--and His Most Great Name--Baha'u'llah--have appeared with a revelation beyond all conception. For not only do they possess all the perfections of the former Manifestations, but they also evince beyond those such perfections as to make all others even as their followers.

… Pause then to reflect upon the difference between the virtues and perfections of Christ and the splendours and effulgences of Baha'u'llah on the one hand, and the virtues of the Prophets of House of Israel, such as Ezekiel or Samuel, on the other. All were the recipients of divine revelation, but between them there is an immeasurable distance.

(‘Abdu’l-Bahá, Chapter 37, The Connection between God and His Manifestations, 1904 ca. -- AB00105)
19

In some ages there hath been a single Soul, and in other times multiple Temples have appeared from the Dayspring of the Cause, as is recorded and evident in all the Books of old and recent times. Were this servant to undertake a detailed exposition, a lengthy volume would need to be written.

And if in certain utterances of the Manifestations of the Cause and holy Dawning-places thou perceivest limitation to one, be not veiled thereby but consider the origin of the divine Tree and holy Sapling, for the Cause of God hath ever appeared and shall ever appear without limit or number.

(Bahá’u’lláh, Tablet of the Sun of Truth, to Mirza Jafar Yazdi -- BH00011)
20

If I call upon Thee by Thy Name, the All-Possessing, I am compelled to recognize that He Who holdeth in His hand the immediate destinies of all created things is but a vassal dependent upon Thee, and is the creation of but a word proceeding from Thy mouth.

(Bahá’u’lláh, 1290 [1873] or earlier, to Haydar Qabl-i-Ali -- BH03850)
21

the Muhammadans were accustomed to think Mahomet the greater because of his title "Seal of the Prophets," but in the time of Jesus spirituality and spiritual life was far greater.

(‘Abdu’l-Bahá, Words to E.J. Rosenberg et al, spoken around Feb. 1901 -- ABU3507)

The available source contains an omission or incomplete wording; sentence boundaries need review.

22

Verse 27: The Lamb's Book of life is only one book that of the Lamb (Abdul-Baha). Chapter 12, verse 10: Christ and Baha'u'llah are mentioned as being One in degree of power.

(‘Abdu’l-Bahá, Words to E.C. Getsinger, spoken on 1900-Oct-05 -- ABU0252)

Further quotations · supplied wording and references

23

As far as their spiritual nature is concerned all Prophets can be regarded as Sons of God, as they all reflect His light, though not in an equal measure, and this difference in reflection is due to the conditions and circumstances under which they appear.

LG#1644 (29 Nov. 1937 on behalf of Shoghi Effendi)

Supplied quotation · catalogue passage not verified

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For thought and discussion

Questions to carry forward

  1. How does the changing place of sunrise help explain recognition of unity amid religious difference?
  2. What distinctions do these readings make among individuality, mission, revealed law, and spiritual source?
  3. How does the Qur’anic passage on differences among messengers illuminate the solar and mirror analogies used here?
  4. What can historical circumstances explain about differences in religious teaching, and what questions remain beyond such an explanation?
  5. How might this understanding change a conversation with someone whose religious language or practice differs from one’s own?
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